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Abstract : In Python, iterators and generators are  both used for creating sequences of values , but they differ in their implementation and how they generate these values. Iterators are objects that provide sequential access to elements of an iterable, while generators are functions that yield values one at a time.   Iterators: Definition: An iterator is an object that implements the  __iter__  and  __next__  methods.   Creation: You can create iterators from iterables (like lists, tuples, strings) using the  iter()  function.   State: Iterators maintain internal state, allowing them to track their position within the sequence.   Implementation: Iterators can be implemented as custom classes that define  __iter__  and  __next__  methods.   Generators: Definition:  Generators are special functions that use the  yield  keyword to produce values.   Creation:  Generator...

25.1 Introduction In advanced Python programming, system-level operations often become essential, especially when interacting with the interpreter or manipulating the execution environment. The sys module provides access to variables and functions closely associated with the Python interpreter, allowing developers to perform a variety of system-specific tasks such as command-line argument parsing, input/output redirection, program termination, and more. This chapter provides an in-depth understanding of the sys module, covering its core components, use cases, and best practices. 25.2 What is the sys Module? The sys module is a built-in Python module that provides functions and variables used to manipulate different parts of the Python runtime environment. It is especially useful for interacting with the operating system via command-line interfaces or scripting environments. Importing sys : import sys 25.3 Commonly Used sys Module Attributes and Methods 25.3....

24.1 Introduction to JSON JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate. Though it originated from JavaScript, it is language-independent and is widely supported in modern programming languages, including Python. JSON is commonly used for: Exchanging data between web clients and servers. Storing configuration files. Data serialization and deserialization. Example of a JSON Object: { "name": "John Doe", "age": 30, "is_employee": true, "skills": ["Python", "Data Analysis", "Machine Learning"], "address": { "city": "New York", "zipcode": "10001" } } 24.2 The json Module in Python Python provides a built-in module called json to work with JSON data. The json module can be used to: Convert Pyth...

23.1 Introduction to Regular Expressions (Regex) Regular Expressions (Regex) are powerful tools used to perform pattern matching and text manipulation in strings. Python provides a built-in library called re for working with regular expressions. Understanding and mastering Regex can dramatically increase efficiency in text processing, data extraction, and input validation tasks. 23.2 The re Module in Python The re module offers several functions: re.match() : Determines if the RE matches at the beginning of the string. re.search() : Scans through a string looking for any location where the RE matches. re.findall() : Returns all non-overlapping matches of RE in the string. re.finditer() : Returns an iterator yielding match objects over all matches. re.sub() : Replaces matched substrings with a new string. re.split() : Splits the string by occurrences of the pattern. Example: import re text = "Python is powerful. Python is easy to learn....

22.1 Introduction Image processing is a common requirement in many Python applications, including automation, web development, and data science. The Pillow library—an easy-to-use fork of the Python Imaging Library (PIL)—offers powerful tools for image manipulation such as resizing, cropping, filtering, and format conversion. This chapter provides a practical introduction to Pillow, explaining its installation, basic operations, and advanced image editing techniques with code examples. 22.2 Installing Pillow To install Pillow, use the Python package installer: pip install Pillow You can now import the library using: from PIL import Image 22.3 Opening and Displaying Images Opening an Image from PIL import Image img = Image.open("example.jpg") img.show() Getting Image Information print(img.format) # JPEG, PNG, etc. print(img.size) # (width, height) print(img.mode) # RGB, L (grayscale), etc. 22.4 Saving Images You can save an i...